Ghazal

گٹہ او تاوان سره تڑلی دی .
وصل او ھجران سره تڑلی دی .
کلہ بہ خواشی کلہ بہ غم رازی .
دواڑا دا انسان سره تڑلی دی .
زیڑ ماز دیگرے او دا جانان دیدن.
دا مے دا ارمان سره تڑلی دی .
یار دے کہ رقیب دے او کہ زۂ یمہ.
دغہ درے کسان سره تڑلی دی.

Atoms Molecules Elements and Compounds

   An atom capable of independent existence, or group of atoms bonded by covalent bond is called a molecule. Eg He, Ne, H2, O2,  C, H2O, S, H2O, H2SO4 etc.
  If in a molecule all the atoms are chemically identical, then it is called an element. Eg He, Ne, H2, C, S etc.
  If a molecule is made up of different atoms then its called a compound. Eg H2O, H2SO4 and NaOH etc.
  Metals are elements since here all the atoms are chemically identical. Eg Na, K, Rb etc but not molecules because they don't have covalent bonds. Nor their atoms are capable of independent existence. They have a special type of bonding called metallic bond.
  Group of ions (bonded by ionic bond) are called ionic compounds, eg NaCl, MgCl2 etc. They are compounds because the atoms (ions) are not same but not molecules because they don't have covalent bonds.
  Atoms are the building blocks of all matter, mixture, molecules, elements and compounds. And molecules are the building blocks of elements and compounds.
  If we say H2 is a compound then carbon will also be a compound which is not the case.

Leveling effect

In aqueous solution all very strong bases like Na+H–, Na+NH2–, Na+OC2H5– are levelled to the strength of OH– ion, for they react completely with H2O to produce OH–ions. In other words, they are stronger bases than the conjugate base OH-.
Na+H- +HOH = OH-  + NaH2+
So bases stronger than the conjugate base of the solution are levelled  (behave of equal strength ) and this effect is called leveling effect or solvent effect.

Similarly
  Since HF and HCl both are ~ 100% ionised in liquid NH3 to give ~100% NH4+ ions, these appear to be of equal strength and liquid NH3 acts as a levelling solvent for HF and HCl. In H2O, HF is only partially ionised, whereas HCl and HBr are ~ 100% ionised. So H2O is a differentiating solvent for HF and HBr/HCl. In other words, HF and H3O+ are of about equal strength acids. And HCl/HBr are  stronger  acids  than H3O+.

        HF+NH3=NH4+ +F-
         0               100
        HBr/HCl+NH3=NH4+  +Cl-
         0               100

        HF+H2O =H3O+  +F-
        45               55
       HBr/HCl+H2O =H3O+  +Cl-
         0                  100
     
 The solvents in which complete proton-transfer occurs are called levelling solvents?
  In other words, the solvent in which the solute is ~100% ionised, are called levelling solvents.
  Thus H2O is a differentiating solvent for HF and HCl, but for HCl and HBr it is a leveling solvent. Several mineral acids are partially ionised in glacial CH3COOH medium because CH3COOH is a poor proton-acceptor but rather a better proton donor. CH3COOH, therefore, acts as a differentiating solvent towards the mineral acids. But, for bases, CH3COOH act as a leveling solvent.

  CH3COOH+H+=CH3COOH2+  Poor
                                                 (weaker base)
  CH3COOH=CH3COO- +H        Good
                                                (stronger acid)
  HCl+CH3COOH = CH3COOH2+ +Cl-
    10                              90
  HBr
   15                                85 (suposed figures)
  HF
   20                                80

 NaOH+CH3COOH = CH3COONa+ H2O
     0                                  100
  KOH
     0                                   100
     This phenomenon viz the strength of all acids becomes equal to that of H3O+ion is called leveling effect of the solvent, and here water is called a leveling solvent for all these acids.

Solubility

The grams of solute that makes a saturated solution with 100 grams of a solvent is called its solubility. eg if 15 grams of sugar can dissolve in 100 grams of water at most then 15 grams is the solubility of sugar.

  Determination of Solubility
Take some amount (more than 100 grams)of a solvent. Start dissolving the test solute till no more of it dissolves. This means that we have reached a saturated solution. Now filter the solution to remove the undissolved solute. Weigh the filterate. Say it is 125 grams. Now boil out the solvent. Weigh again the solid solute left. Say it is 30 grams. From this we can calculate the weight of the solvent,
 125-30=95 grams. Now we can calculate the solubility of the test solute.

  95g of solvent dissolved 30g  of solute
  100g of solvent'll dissolve Xg of solute

    X=100×30÷95=31.6g

So the solubility of the given solute is 31.6 grams.

 Note: If the solute particles can be solvated by the solvent particles, the solute is said to be soluble in the given solvent. Solubility is achieved by ion-dipole or dipole -dipole interaction between solute and solvent or through the dielectric constant of the solvent. For example alcohols are soluble in water through H bonding a dipole dipole phenomenon and NaCl is soluble in water through ion dipole method.

 If the No. of solute particles exceeds than the solvent particles, then the solution is said to be saturated.

 Oils are insoluble in water because their particles can't be separated/solvated by water. We can force them temporarily but after awhile they mutually coagulate. There is no way for water molecules to trap them ie through its polarity or dielectric constant.
 Glucose, a monosaccaride is soluble in water by HB method where by water takes apart/solvate individual glucose molecules, C6H12O6 , and surrounds it through its molecules, H2O . Same is the case with oligosaccarides like sugar C12H22O11.
 But polysaccharides are unsoluble in water because there we don't have individual particles to be solvated and thus broken apart by water although the also have OH groups like the previous saccarides for HBonding with water. It is because they are actually strands of molecules called polymers. Although water does make HB but can't solvate/isolate individual particles, molecules. They are polymers like (C6H12O6)n.

Why Mono and Oligosaccarides are Soluble in Water but not Polysaccharides?

The breaking apart of solute particles by solute is called solubility. For example when NaCl is put in water it is broken into Na ans Cl particles. Water break them apart by surrounding each through its molecules H2O by ion dipole method.
 Oils are insoluble in water because their particles can't be separated by water. We can force them temporarily but after awhile the mutually coagulate.
 Glucose, a monosaccaride is soluble in water by HB method where by water takes apart individual glucose molecule, C6H12O6 , and surrounds it through its molecules, H2O . Same is the case with oligosaccarides like sugar C12H22O11.
 But polysaccharides are unsoluble in water because there we don't have individual particles to be taken apart by water. They are actually strands of molecules called polymers. Although water does make HB but can't isolate individual particles, molecules. They are polymers like (C6H12O6)n.
 We can fore solubility. Eg alloys. Where we dissolve a solid in solid. Although ordinarily we cant say that solid is soluble in solid.
 But actually solubility is the dissolution of some thing gas liguid or solid in a liquid.

تبسم مروت

پروت درتا پہ طمع دا دیدار یمہ
خاورے دے دا در او دا دیوار یمہ
بے لا عشقہ کار او کسب نہ لرم
زہ دا پاکے مینے پرستار یمہ
مینہ دا خوبانو دا پیشہ زما
خلاس زکہ دا کار او دا روزگار یمہ
خکلو تا پہ مینہ مینہ گورمہ
تش پہ دے کاتلو گناہگار یمہ
مرگ دے تبسم مروت تا نہ رازی
لا خو ستا دا وصل امیدوار یمہ

Atal

سومرہ چہ لرے لرے کیگی جنان
دومرہ مے زڑہ تا نزدے کیگی جنان
ووایا سنگہ با خوبونہ وکڑی
چہ دا چا سترگو کے اوسیگی جنان
قسمتہ دغہ سزہ پاتے وہ لا
چہ دا رقیب سرہ خندیگی جنان
زما نادان زرگیہ صبر وکڑہ
لا دا غرور پہ ٹال زنگیگی جنان
لکہ باران شیبے شیبے آتلہ
داسے مے زڑہ باندے واریگی جنان

Glacial Acetic Acid

  Glacial acetic acid is the undiluted form of acetic acid. It doesn’t contain any water; thus, it has 100% acetic acid only. Glacial acetic acid is diluted by adding water to prepare the required concentration of acetic acid solutions. Since it is too concentrated, the acidity of glacial acetic acid is high. Therefore, it is corrosive and can damage the skin if in contact.
  Glacial acetic acid is a trivial name for water-free (anhydrous) acetic acid. Acetic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH. It is a colourless liquid that when undiluted is also called glacial acetic acid. Although it is classified as a weak acid, acetic acid is highly dangerous to skin. A common abbreviation for acetic acid is HOAc, where Ac stands for the acetyl group CH3−C(=O)−.

      HO--Ac  or  HO-(O=)C-CH3 or
      CH3-C(=O)-OH or CH3COOH

My Telenor

https://www.telenor.com.pk/customer/account/prepaid-dashboard/

Rubai Tabasum Marwat

دومرہ چہ خوگ باد سحر راغے
خکاری دا لوری دا دلبر راغے
دا زڑہ دنیا تا مے دا خدائ دا لوری
دا پاکے مینے پیغامبر راغے
نن پہ جامو کے نہ زائیگمہ زہ
ستا دا راتللو چہ خبر راغے
خلقہ ور پاسئ تبسم مروت دے
دا تورو سترگو سوداگر راغے

L E

THE LEVELLING EFFECT, LEVELLING AND DIFFERENTIATING SOLVENTS

The apparent strength of a protonic acid is dependent on the solvent in which the acid is dissolved. When all the acids in the acid chart which are stronger than H3O+ ion
(i.e., the acids above H3O+ acids) are added to H2O, they donate as proton to H2O to H3O+ ion and appear to have equal strength, since all these acids are levelled to the strength of H3O+ ion which is left in solution and is common to all such solutions.
This phenomenon viz. The strength of all the acids becomes equal to that of H3O+ion is called leveling effect of the solvent, water, and here water is called a leveling solvent for all these acids.

In aqueous solution all very strong bases like Na+H–, Na+NH2–, Na+OC2H5– are levelled to the strength of OH– ion, for they react completely with H2O to produce OH–ions.

The solvent in which complete proton-transfer occurs are called levelling solvents.

In other words, the solvent in which the solute is ~100% ionised, are called levelling solvents.

Since HF and HCl both are ~ 100% ionised in liquid NH3 to give ~100% NH4+ ions, these appear to be of equal strength and liq. NH3 acts as a levelling solvent for HF and HCl. In H2O, HF is only partially ionised, whereas HCl and HBr are ~ 100% ionised.

Thus H2O is a differentiating solvent for HF, but for HCl and HBr it is a leveling solvent. Several mineral acids are partially ionised in glacial CH3COOH medium because CH3COOH is a poor proton-acceptor but rather a better proton donor.
CH3COOH, therefore, acts as a differentiating solvent towards the mineral acids. But, for bases, CH3COOH act as a leveling solvent.

The weaker the acid, the stronger the conjugate base.

    It is very hard to discriminate between strong acids in water since they are fully deprotonated, so a mol of HI and a mol of HBr each act like one mol of H3O+. A solvent which is a weaker proton acceptor is needed to tell the difference.

The same logic applies to strong bases, one mole of any strong base can be treated as one mole of hydroxyl ions.

This is called the leveling effect - the limitation by the solvent of how strong acids or bases can be.

If two weak acids are put into a solvent which is a strong proton acceptor, such as ammonia, it is likewise hard to tell the difference between the two acids, since they will both act like a mol of ammonium ions. So the leveling effect changes with the solvent.
  Solvent  leveling
  HI  (l)  +  H2O(l)  = H3O+(aq)  +  I-(aq)
  HBr (l)  +  H2O(l)  = H3O+(aq)  +  Br-(aq) Because  HI(l)  and  HBr(l)  are  strong  acids,  both  transfer  their  protons essentially  completely  to  give  H3O+.  In  effect,  solutions  of  HI  and  HBr behave  as  though  they  are  solutions  of  H3O+ regardless  HI  is intrinsincally stronger  than  HBr.  Water  is  therefore  said  to  have  a leveling  effect  that  brings  all  strong  acids  down  to  the  acidity of  H3O+. To  distinguish  the  acidity  strengths  of  HBr and  HI,  one  has  to  use  a less  basic  solvent. Similar  situation  exists  for  strong  bases.  In  water,  strong  bases  behave as  solutions  of  OH-.  The  strengths  of  strong  bases  can  only  be distinguished  using  a  less  acidic  solvent.
Leveling Effect, which states that the strongest acid that can exist in aqueous solution is H3O+.
 

Leveling effect

Differently strong acids behave identically strong in solvents where the conjugate acid formed is weaker than the said acids. This effect is called LE or solvent effect.
eg HCl and HNO3 show equal strength in their aqueous solutions. It is because either when added to water forms H3O+ ions- a conjugate acid. Both HCl and HNO3 are stronger than H3O+. So both are 100% converted to H3O+. So in the solution they both become H3O+ and lose their identity or identical strength. In other words, they are levelled by the solvent. So in aqueous solution we can't say which one is stronger.

HCl+H2O= H3O+ +Cl-
   1                 99        99

HNO3 +H2O = H3O+ + NO3
   1                       99          99

On the other hand, if we compare CH3COOH, a weaker acod then H3O+, withe HCl or HNO3, the former will be weaker. Because being weaker than H3O,  it doesn't dissolve completely.

CH3COOH+H2O = H3O+ + CH3COO-
      99                           1                1

  The  same is the case for strong bases
Their strength too becomes indistinguishable in solutions where they form conjugate bases weaker than them.
  

Tell Offer

*345*75# se 75Rs me150Rs ka balance + 3000Mb 3G hasil karo our 7 din takhar network par call karo.

My tel puk

71825259

WHY WE SAY “O’CLOCK”

The practice of saying “o’clock” is simply a remnant of simpler times when clocks weren’t very prevalent and people told time by a variety of means, depending on where they were and what references were available.

Generally, of course, the Sun was used as a reference point, with solar time being slightly different than clock time. Clocks divide the time evenly, whereas, by solar time, hour lengths vary somewhat based on a variety of factors, like what season it is.

Thus, to distinguish the fact that one was referencing a clock’s time, rather than something like a sundial, as early as the fourteenth century one would say something like, “It is six of the clock,” which later got slurred down to “six o’clock” sometime around the sixteenth or seventeenth centuries. In those centuries, it was also somewhat common to just drop the “o’” altogether and just say something like “six clock.”

Using the form of “o’clock” particularly increased in popularity around the eighteenth century when it became common to do a similar slurring in the names of many things such as “Will-o’-the wisp” from “Will of the wisp” (stemming from a legend of an evil blacksmith named Will Smith, with “wisp” meaning “torch”) and “Jack-o’-lantern” from “Jack of the lantern” (which originally just meant “man of the lantern” with “Jack,” at the time, being the generic “any man” name. Later, either this or the Irish legend of “Stingy Jack” got this name transferred to referring to carved pumpkins with lit candles inside).

While today with clocks being ubiquitous and few people, if anybody, telling direct time by the Sun, it isn’t necessary in most cases to specify we are referencing time from clocks, but the practice of saying “o’clock” has stuck around anyway.

My info

I m khair ullah
MobArk arif son to u
Received.
07:39:47PM
28.01.2015

Short Stories

http://americanliterature.com/

Eid ul fitre eves

Eid 2013: 28.7
Eid 2014: 17.7

Matador

matador (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/matador) noun - (bullfighting) The person whose aim is to kill the bull in a bullfight. ======== Text generated by the application English Dictionary https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=livio.pack.lang.en_US

Gore

To pierse with horns

My SIMs

Total Numbers on CNIC 11101-1468150-5 : 3
Verified: 3
Un-Verified: 0

Verified:
03028084702
03000916542
03033461879

My favs

about-face about-turn African altercation alternative ante meridiem available bleacher bonnie centripetal chuck clammy compass cringe dachshund dey diss doom DSL grease pit grope hippopotamus interference interstice junkie karaoke lash out lynch moniker neanderthal niche oddball pen penitentiary pesky phosphorus pomace post meridiem raunch rhinoceros scavenger sketchy spasm squirm syncopate take down throw up tuck in twerk ungulate viva voce wager whimper

Best Story

كسان كى بيوى نے جو مكهن كسان كو تيار كر كے ديا تها وه اسے ليكر فروخت كرنے كيلئے اپنے گاؤں سے شہر كى طرف روانہ ہو گيا، یہ مكهن گول پيڑوں كى شكل ميں بنا ہوا تها اور ہر پيڑے كا وزن ايک كلو تها۔ شہر ميں كسان نے اس مكهن كو حسب معمول ايک دوكاندار كے ہاتھوں فروخت كيا اور دوكاندار سے چائے كى پتى، چينى، تيل اور صابن وغيره خريد كر واپس اپنے گاؤں كى طرف روانہ ہو گيا. كسان كے جانے بعد…… دوكاندار نے مكهن كو فريزر ميں ركهنا شروع كيا…. اسے خيال گزرا كيوں نہ ايک پيڑے كا وزن كيا جائے. وزن كرنے پر پيڑا 900 گرام كا نكلا، حيرت و صدمے سے دوكاندار نے سارے پيڑے ايک ايک كر كے تول ڈالے مگر كسان كے لائے ہوئے سب پيڑوں كا وزن ايک جيسا اور 900 – 900 گرام ہى تها۔ اگلے ہفتے كسان حسب سابق مكهن ليكر جيسے ہى دوكان كے تهڑے پر چڑها، دوكاندار نے كسان كو چلاتے ہوئے كہا کہ وه دفع ہو جائے، كسى بے ايمان اور دهوكے باز شخص سے كاروبار كرنا اسكا دستور نہيں ہے. 900 گرام مكهن كو پورا ایک كلو گرام كہہ كر بيچنے والے شخص كى وه شكل ديكهنا بهى گوارا نہيں كرتا.  كسان نے ياسيت اور افسردگى سے دوكاندار سے كہا: “ميرے بهائى مجھ سے بد ظن نہ ہو ہم تو غريب اور بے چارے لوگ ہيں، ہمارے پاس تولنے كيلئے باٹ خريدنے كى استطاعت كہاں. آپ سے جو ايک كيلو چينى ليكر جاتا ہوں اسے ترازو كے ايک پلڑے ميں رکھ كر دوسرے پلڑے ميں اتنے وزن كا مكهن تول كر لے آتا ہوں.  اس تحریر کو پڑھنے کہ بعد آپ کیا محسوس کرتے ہیں۔ کسی پر انگلی اٹھانے سے پہلے کیا ہم پہلے اپنے گریبان چیک نہ کرلیں۔ کہیں یہ خرابی ہمارے اندر تو نہیں ؟ کیونکہ اپنی اصلاح کرنا مشکل ترین کام ہے.

Black Holes

What is a black hole?

Credit: NASA, S. Gezari, and J. Guillochon       

Black holes are the remnants of very massive stars with gravity so strong that not even light can escape.

Black holes may be among the strangest – and most commonly misunderstood – objects in our universe. The remnants of the most massive stars, they sit at the limit of our understanding of physics. They can contain several times the mass of our sun in a space no larger than a city. With gravity so intense that not even light can escape their surfaces, black holes can teach us about the absolute extremes in the cosmos and the very structure of space itself.

Artist’s rendition of a black hole drawing gas off a nearby star. Credit: NASA E/PO, Sonoma State University, Aurore Simonnet

Conceptually, black holes aren’t all that complicated. They are nothing more than extremely dense cores of once-massive stars. Most stars, like our sun, end their lives peacefully by gently blowing their outer layers into space. But stars exceeding about eight times the mass of the sun take another, more dramatic, path.

These stars die when they can no longer fuse atomic nuclei in their core. It’s not that they run out of fuel, per se. Rather, once the star has a core of iron, fusing together atoms to make new elements actually costs the star energy. Lacking an energy source, the star can’t hold itself up against the relentless struggle with gravity. The outer layers of the star come crashing down.

As several octillion tons of gas come hurdling down, the star’s core undergoes a drastic change and becomes resilient to further compression. The infalling gas hits the now-hardened core and rebounds. The rapid gas compression sets off one last wave of uncontrolled nuclear fusion. The star, now wildly out of balance, explodes. The resulting supernova can outshine an entire galaxy and can be seen from across the universe.

A supernova remnant, N49, located 160,000 light-years away in the Large Magellenic Cloud—a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. At roughly 5000 years old, the supernova most likely left behind a compact neutron star in its wake. This composite image shows x-rays (purple), infrared (red) and visible (white, yellow) light. X-ray: NASA/CXC/Caltech/S.Kulkarni et al.; Optical: NASA/STScI/UIUC/Y.H.Chu & R.Williams et al.; IR: NASA/JPL-Caltech/R.Gehrz et al.

In the supernova’s wake, the core remains. This dense soup of subatomic particles has a couple of options at this point. For a star with less mass than 20 suns, the core holds together as a neutron star. But for the real stellar heavyweights, the core transforms into a truly exotic object. A black hole is born.

Stars thrive in a precarious balance. Gravity wants to pull the star together, internal pressure wants to tear it apart. The most drastic changes happen when one of these forces gets the upper hand. Above a core mass of a few suns, there is no known source of pressure that can balance gravity. The stellar remnant collapses upon itself.

Squeezing all that mass into a smaller and smaller volume makes the gravity at the dead star’s surface skyrocket. Ratcheting up the gravity makes it increasingly difficult for anything to escape. Get the gravity high enough – about 30 thousand times what we feel here on Earth – and some truly bizarre side effects pop up.

This computer simulation shows a star being gravitationally torn apart by a nearby black hole. Long streams of superheated gas mark out the star’s final journey. The infalling gas piles up in a disk around the black hole (upper left). Credit: NASA, S. Gezari (The Johns Hopkins University), and J. Guillochon (University of California, Santa Cruz)

Throw a ball up into the air, and eventually it stops, turns around, and comes back to your hand. Throw the ball harder, it goes higher – but still falls back down. Throw the ball hard enough and the ball can escape Earth’s gravity. That point-of-no-return is called the “escape velocity”. It’s different for every planet, star, and comet. Earth’s escape velocity is about 40,000 km/hr. For the sun, it’s over 2 million km/hr!. On a very small asteroid, jumping too high might accidentally launch you into orbit.

On a black hole, however, the escape velocity is greater than the speed of light!

Since nothing can go that fast, then nothing – not even light itself – can get up enough speed to escape a black hole’s surface. No type of radiation—radio waves, UV, infrared – can emanate from a black hole. No information at all can ever leave. The universe has drawn a curtain around whatever remains of these stellar behemoths and so we can’t directly study them. All we can do is conjecture.

The black hole itself is defined by a volume of space delineated by an “event horizon”. The event horizon invisibly marks off the boundary where the escape velocity is exactly equal to the speed of light. Outside of the horizon, your spaceship has at least a theoretical chance of making it home. Crossing that line sets you on a one-way journey to whatever sits inside.

One way astronomers locate black holes is finding them in orbit around other stars. When this happens, gas is sucked off the star and spirals down a disk through the event horizon. The gas in the disk is heated to millions of degrees and emits powerful x-rays. The result is what astronomer’s call an “x-ray binary”, show here in this artists’s rendition. Credit: ESA, NASA, and Felix Mirabel

What sits within the event horizon is a complete mystery. Is there still an object sitting in the center, some shadow of a once brilliant stellar core? Or does nothing stop the gravity from crushing the nuclei to a single point, possibly even puncturing the fabric of space-time? Our lack of understanding of such extreme environments and the veil of ignorance that cloaks these creatures gives the imagination room to run wild. Visions of tunnels to other dimensions, parallel universes, and even distant times are rampant. But the only honest answer to the question “what lies beyond the event horizon?” is a simple “we don’t know!”

The bottom line is that black holes are the burying grounds of extremely massive stars. Following a supernova explosion, the massive core is left behind. Lacking a suitable balancing force, gravity pulls the core together to a point where the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light. From this point on, no light – and no information of any kind – can radiate into space. All that remains is a perfectly black void where once a mighty star stood.

Cringe

cringe :noun (plural cringes) - A posture or gesture of shrinking or recoiling. He glanced with a cringe at the mess on his desk. - (dialect) A crick. verb (cringes, cringing; past and past participle cringed) - (dated) To bow or crouch in servility. - (intransitive) To shrink, tense or recoil, as in fear, disgust or embarrassment. He cringed as the bird collided with the window. - Bunyan When they were come up to the place where the lions were, the boys that went before were glad to cringe behind, for they were afraid of the lions. - (transitive) To contract; to draw together; to cause to shrink or wrinkle; to distort.

PM

post meridiem (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/post_meridiem) adverb - after noon, in the afternoon. antonyms - ante meridiem ======== Text generated by the application English Dictionary https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=livio.pack.lang.en_US

Chuck (hwazhe)

chuck (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chuck) noun (plural chucks) - (cooking) Meat from the shoulder of a cow or other animal. - (mechanical engineering) A mechanical device that holds an object firmly in place, for example holding a drill bit in a high-speed rotating drill or grinder. noun (plural chucks) - (dialect) A chicken, a hen. - A clucking sound. - (slang) A friend or close acquaintance; term of endearment. Are you all right, chuck? - Shakespeare Pray, chuck, come hither. - A gentle touch or tap. She gave him an affectionate chuck under the chin. - (informal) A casual throw. - (slang) An act of vomiting. - (cricket) A throw, an incorrect bowling action. verb (chucks, chucking; past and past participle chucked) - To make a clucking sound. - To call, as a hen her chickens. - To touch or tap gently. - (transitive) To throw, especially in a careless or inaccurate manner. Chuck that magazine to me, would you? - (transitive) To discard, to throw away. This food′s gone off - you′d better chuck it. - (intransitive) To vomit. - (intransitive) To throw; to bowl with an incorrect action. - (South Africa) To leave; to depart; to bounce. Let's chuck. - (obsolete) To chuckle; to laugh. - To place in a chuck, or hold by means of a chuck, as in turning; to bore or turn (a hole) in a revolving piece held in a chuck. noun (plural chucks) - abbreviation of woodchuck noun (plural chucks) - (Scotland) A small pebble. synonyms - chuckstone, chuckiestone Chuck noun - A diminutive of the male given name Charles, of mostly American usage. - (Canada) The city of Edmonton (so named because of the large Ukrainian population; -chuk (-чук) is common suffix in Ukrainian surnames). noun (plural chucks) - (countable) a Chuck Taylor shoe (usually referred to in plural form, Chucks). ======== Text generated by the application English Dictionary https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=livio.pack.lang.en_US

Gharibi

جاويد "درمان"..
دومرہ غریب وم چي گنڈلو لہ مي ستنہ نہ وہ..
بالا مودہ زما قمیص پوري لمنہ نہ وہ..
غریبی داسي چي ازغی ھم پہ ازغی اوباسم..
قسمت مي داسي چي پہ ٹول کلی كي غنہ نہ وہ..
سہ بلا گران دی دا پردی جیب نہ پیسے اوباسل..
نن مي لیدل دا یو مزدور دا لاس سرمنہ نہ وہ..
دا خپل احساس دا سیوري لاندي مي دمہ اوکڑلہ..
دا خار کوسے ٹولي پاخے وي چرتہ ونہ نہ وہ..
"درمانہ"تلئ میکدي تہ وم واپس راغلمہ..
پہ دے خبرہ چي دا مور راتہ بخنہ نہ وه.."

What happens to the body in extreme heat?

The dangers of playing football matches in 40-50C temperatures could mean that the 2022 World Cup in Qatar takes place in the cooler, winter months. Meanwhile, parts of England have seen six consecutive days of temperatures above 30C, prompting official health alerts. So what is the body's key way of dealing with the heat? When temperatures rise, the body reacts by increasing blood flow to the skin's surface, taking the heat from within the body to the surface. This means sweat. As the sweat evaporates, the body cools down. If, as in the UK, our skin temperature is warmer than the external temperature we are also able to lose heat to the environment, termed 'dry heat loss'. But in hot, dry climates - like Qatar - this would not happen. The body would be completely dependent on sweat. Dependent on sweat The body's normal core temperature is 37-38C. If it heats up to 39-40C, the brain tells the muscles to slow down and fatigue sets in. At 40-41C, heat exhaustion is likely - and above 41C, the body starts to shut down. Chemical processes start to be affected, the cells inside the body deteriorate and there is a risk of multiple organ failure. The body cannot even sweat at this point because blood flow to the skin stops, making it feel cold and clammy. Heatstroke - which can occur at any temperature over 40C - requires professional medical help and, if not treated immediately, chances of survival can be slim. The best method of cooling people down is to immerse them in ice water or apply ice packs to the groin and armpits where crucial arteries are located - but it all depends on how long the body has been at an elevated temperature. George Havenith, professor of environmental physiology and ergonomics from Loughborough University, says humidity - the amount of moisture in the air - is critical in determining how much we can sweat out. If humidity is high, our ability to sweat is impaired and this makes us feel awful. But if it is hot and dry - like Qatar - sweat can help. "We can evaporate a lot of moisture from our skins - but we also have to produce it," says Prof Havenith. "This means going to very high sweat rates quickly, and people might be limited by the amount of sweat they can produce." So someone running at around 15km per hour in temperatures up to 37C would need to produce four litres of sweat per hour. Heating up Jamie Pringle, an exercise physiologist, works with professional triathletes at the English Institute of Sport in Sheffield. He says the fitter athletes are, the better they are able to cope with heat - and Tour de France leader Chris Froome is a good example. "Training increases blood volume in the body and that's where you sweat from so someone like Froome will have 10-12 litres of blood in his body compared to six litres in the average male." A serious athlete is going to build up high blood volume and can therefore sweat more and cool down more quickly and effectively when the going gets hot. Pringle says we can all improve our ability to hold on to fluids by spending a week or two in a heat chamber and exercising on a treadmill. The key is to listen to your body, Prof Havenith says. "Most amateur runners naturally slow down when they get too hot, but there are always people who keeping pushing themselves further and that's when things go wrong."

Tuck in/into

tuck in (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tuck_in) verb - (transitive) To pull the blankets or duvet up over (someone in bed); to put (someone) to bed. She tucked in her young son and turned out the light. - (transitive) To push the fabric at the bottom of a shirt under the pants. - (transitive) To score from with a casual motion verb - (intransitive) To start to eat. Tuck in, before the food goes cold. ======== Text generated by the application English Dictionary https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=livio.pack.lang.en_US

Siam was renamed as Thailand on June 23rd, 1939.

People speaking one of the Tai group of languages settled in what is now Thailand around 1,000 years ago. The name Siam came from a Sanskrit word, syam. It was adopted by the Portuguese from the 16th century and became the accepted geographical term. Kingdoms rose and fell, but from the 1780s the Chakri dynasty ruled the whole of Siam from their capital at Bangkok. They extended their domain into parts of modern Laos, Cambodia and Malaya, but in the late 19th and early 20th centuries they were forced to surrender their territories there to the French. 

In 1927 a radical People’s Party was formed. One of its founders was an army officer called Phibun (in full, Luang Phibunsongkhram), who in 1932 helped to lead a coup against the Chakri king and set up a government closer to a western-style democracy, with a parliament. The monarchy survived, but in 1938 Phibun took charge as dictator. A forceful nationalist and moderniser, he changed the country’s name to Thailand. 

The change was part of Phibun’s determination to bring his people into the modern world and at the same time to emphasise their unique identity. It was an anti-Chinese move with the slogan ‘Thailand for the Thai’. There were many Chinese in the country and many prosperous Chinese businesses, but Phibun cut down immigration from China and government-backed Thai businesses were set up, while the use of Mandarin in Chinese schools was limited to two hours a week. Thailand adopted the western calendar, a new flag was created and a new national anthem, while Phibun demanded that Thais wore western-style clothes, including hats. 

Thailand was allied with Japan in the Second World War and Phibun was forced to resign in 1944, but he returned to power with military backing in 1948 and the army ran Thailand with support from the US. Phibun was finally ousted by rivals in 1957. He retreated to Japan and died there at the age of 66 in 1964.

- See more at: http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/siam-becomes-thailand#sthash.3ShWItEq.dpuf

What CD on Honda CD 70 stands for?

Honda motorcycles are inscribed with CD 70. Here CD stands for Cash Deposit. 70 shows the engine power. So it reads as Cash Deposit 70. And CDI here stands for Capacitor-Discharge Ignition. It elder brother is CG 125. Here CG stands for Cash Guarantee and 125 is its engine strength.

Word of wisdom

1 Mathematician ko job na mili to us ne clinic khola or bahar likha k 300 mein elaj karaen
Elaj na hua to 1000 wapis
1 admi ne socha k 1000 kamany ka acha moqa hai
wo clinic aya or kaha mujhe ksi b cheez ka zaiqa nhi ata
Dr:Box22 se dawa nikalo or isko 3 drops pilao
nurse ne pila di
Mareez:ye kya, ye to petrol hai
Dr:Mubarak ho, apko taste mehsus ho gaya lao 300
Mareez ko ghusa aya
kuch din baad wo phir gaya k ab Dr se purany paise b wapis lene hain
Mareez: Dr sab, meri yadasht kaam nahi karti
Dr:Box 22 se dawa nikalo or 3 drops pilao
Mareez: Lekin wo dawa to Zaban k taste ki hai
Dr: mubarak ho apki yadasht b wapas aa gaee lao 300

Sarkai Kamal

Sarkai Kamal's original name was Kamal Khan. His father name was Gul Momin. He was born 5.1.1954 in kot Lal Mir Ahmad Shah village Sarkai Sarai Nowrang district Lakki Marwat. And died 13.6.1986. He was Ahond by cast. He was middle (class 8) in education. His poetry is very popular among local Wazir Banochi Khattak and Marwat people. He poems are mostly recorded in the vocal of a local singer Damsaz Marwat.

Atomic Mass

The average mass of the atoms of an element in amu determined relative to the mass of the most abundant isotope of carbon (C-12) taken as 12 amu. eg the atomic mass of chlorine is 35.5 which is the average of the two isotopes of element chlorine ie Cl-35 and Cl-37 with atomic masses 35 and 37 amu respectively. (The actual mass of Cl-35 is 34.7 amu and that of Cl-37 is 36.6 amu). By averaging we get the atomic mass of chlorine element as follows.
(35×75+37×25)÷100=35.5
For pedants. This means that if we take an atom of chlorine from a lot, its atomic mass will be either 35 or 37 amu. So when we speak of atomic mass we speak average. In other words if we have a bag full of chlorine gass it is atoms of chlorine gass some weighing 35amu and some weighing 37amu. Similarly if we have a bag of HCl gas. Some of its molecules will have molecular mass corresponding to Cl-35 and some to Cl-37. If hydrogen is also considered, then there will be 5 types of HCl molecules on the bases of molecular mass for H-1 H-2 H-3 Cl-35 and Cl-37. The average combination is the molecular mass of HCl. Atomic mass is also called relative atomic mass or average atomic mass or atomic wieght.

Geo live

live.geo.tv/live.aspx

Karan Khan intezar album

http://www.pashtomasti.com/intezar-karan-khan-album-1

Amide bond

The bond between amine group of one amino acid and aldehyde group of another amino acid is called amide bond (amine+aldehyde). When large number of these units bond, they form proteins. The individual amino acid units are then called peptides. So proteins are polypeptides. And therefore amide bond is also called a peptide bond.

Chemical Formula

  The representation of a substance in terms of symbols of its constituent particles (atoms or ions) is called a chemical formula. eg H2O MgCl2 etc.

Molecular Formula

   A chemical formula showing a molecule in terms of its constituent atoms is called a molecular formula. eg H2O is the molecular formula of water.
  Molecule is defined as an atom capable of independent existence or group of atoms joined by covalent bond. eg H2 O2 H2O H2SO4 He and Ne etc

Formula Unit

A chemical formula showing ions of an ionic compound (NaCl & KCl etc) or covalent network compound eg SiO2 (silica ) & C ( diamond or graphite ), in simplest ratio is called a formula unit. eg NaCl is the formula unit of ionic compound Sodium Chloride and SiO2 is the formula unit of covalent network compound, Silica.